Comparison of Quality of Life, Dysfunctional Attitudes and Defense Mechanisms in Patients with Chronic Back Pain with Healthy Individuals
Authors
-
Elham shabannejad Chenani *
Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University of Rasht, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9751-7811
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22100/ijhs.v10i3.1144Keywords:
Quality of life, Dysfunctional attitudes, Defense mechanisms, Chronic back Pain, , Healthy individuals, patientsAbstract
Background: Chronic pain is the leading cause of human suffering and disability worldwide, significantly impacting the quality of life for individuals. This study aimed to compare the quality of life, dysfunctional attitudes, and defense mechanisms between patients suffering from chronic back pain and individuals who are in good health.
Methods: The type of study conducted is descriptive causal-comparative research. Fifty male and female patients seeking treatment at the Rasht Pain Clinic were included in the study, chosen through purposive sampling. The control group, consisting of fifty individuals with no history of chronic back pain, was selected using convenience sampling in May 2021. The Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) were given to both healthy individuals and patients. An analysis of the data was conducted through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using SPSS 23 software.
Results: A multivariate analysis of variance in the current study revealed a significant difference between the two groups of patients and healthy individuals in terms of quality of life (physical, mental, relationships, environment), Dysfunctional Attitudes (perfectionism, need for approval, need to please others), and defense mechanisms (mature, neurotic, immature) (P-value<0.01, F11,88=16.63). However, there was no significant difference in the vulnerability component of dysfunctional attitude between the two groups of patients and healthy subjects.
Conclusions: Identifying factors such as poor quality of life, maladaptive attitudes, and improper use of defense mechanisms can worsen chronic pain in individuals. Understanding the influences of these variables is crucial for enhancing the overall physical and mental well-being of patients experiencing chronic pain.
References
Umar T, Egbu C, Honnurvali MS, Saidani M, Al-Mutairi M. An assessment of health profile and body pain among construction workers. InProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer 2020 Sep (Vol. 173, No. 3, pp. 125-135). doi: 10.1680/jmuen.18.00019
Thomas Telford Ltd. Johnson MI. The landscape of chronic pain: broader perspectives. Medicina. 2019 May 21;55(5):182. doi: 10.3390/medicina55050182
Roseen EJ, McNaughton DT, Harrison S, Downie AS, Øverås CK, Nim CG, Jenkins HJ, Young JJ, Hartvigsen J, Stone KL, Ensrud KE. Association of back pain with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among older men: a cohort study. Pain Medicine. 2024 Aug;25(8):505-13. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnae040
Mutubuki EN, Beljon Y, Maas ET, Huygen FJ, Ostelo RW, Van Tulder MW, Van Dongen JM. The longitudinal relationships between pain severity and disability versus health-related quality of life and costs among chronic low back pain patients. Quality of life research. 2020 Jan;29:275-87. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02302-w
Timmers I, Quaedflieg CWEM, Hsu C, Heathcote LC, Rovnaghi CR, Simons LE. The interaction between stress and chronic pain through the lens of threat learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Dec;107:641-655. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.007
Hnatešen D, Pavić R, Radoš I, Dimitrijević I, Budrovac D, Čebohin M, Gusar I. Quality of Life and Mental Distress in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 26;19(17):10657. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710657
Bilen A, Kucukkepeci H. Pain intensity, depression, and anxiety levels among patients with chronic pain during COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2022 Apr 1;210(4):270-5. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001466
Alshehri MM, Alqhtani AM, Gharawi SH, Sharahily RA, Fathi WA, Alnamy SG, Alothman SA, Alshehri YS, Alhowimel AS, Alqahtani BA, Alenazi AM. Prevalence of lower back pain and its associations with lifestyle behaviors among college students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023 Aug 11;24(1):646. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06683-5
Velasco-Durantez V, Cruz-Castellanos P, Hernandez R, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Fernandez Montes A, Gallego A, Manzano-Fernandez A, Sorribes E, Zafra M, Carmona-Bayonas A, Calderon C. Prospective study of predictors for anxiety, depression, and somatization in a sample of 1807 cancer patients. Scientific Reports. 2024 Feb 7;14(1):3188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53212-y
Jiang Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Zhang X, Wang X. Differences in pain, disability, and psychological function in low back pain patients with and without anxiety. Front Physiol. 2022 Nov 3;13:906461. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.906461
Barbosa FM, Vieira ÉB, Garcia JB. Beliefs and attitudes in patients with chronic low back pain. BrJP. 2018 Apr;1:116-21. doi: 10.5935/2595-0118.20180023
Corrêa LA, Mathieson S, Meziat-Filho NAM, Reis FJ, Ferreira AS, Nogueira LAC. Which psychosocial factors are related to severe pain and functional limitation in patients with low back pain?: Psychosocial factors related to severe low back pain. Braz J Phys Ther. 2022 May-Jun;26(3):100413. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2022.100413
Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356-2367. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
Wertli MM, Held U, Lis A, Campello M, Weiser S. Both positive and negative beliefs are important in patients with spine pain: findings from the Occupational and Industrial Orthopaedic Center registry. Spine J. 2018;18(8):1463-1474. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.166
Caneiro JP, Bunzli S, O'Sullivan P. Beliefs about the body and pain: the critical role in musculoskeletal pain management. Braz J Phys Ther. 2021;25(1):17-29. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.06.003
Tabriz ER, Mohammadi R, Roshandel GR, Talebi R. Pain Beliefs and Perceptions and Their Relationship with Coping Strategies, Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients with Cancer. Indian J Palliat Care. 2019 Jan-Mar;25(1):61-65.
Berk E, Baykara S. The relationship between disease severity and defense mechanisms in fibromyalgia syndrome. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020 Mar 3;66(1):47-53. doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2020.3331
Galvez-Sánchez CM, Montoro Aguilar CI. Migraine and Neuroticism: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Jan 28;12(2):30. doi: 10.3390/bs12020030
Masoudnia E, pournaghi J, Bahemmat Z. The comparison of Coping Strategies against Stressful Situations in Patients with Peptic Ulcer Symptoms and Healthy People with Ages 20 to 50 Years Old. North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 2016; 8 (2) :341-352. doi: 10.18869/acadpub.jnkums.8.2.341
Delavar A. Research methods in psychology and educational sciences. Tehran: Roshd. 2016:100-99.
Skevington SM, Tucker C. Designing response scales for cross-cultural use in health care: data from the development of the UK WHOQOL. Br J Med Psychol. 1999 Mar;72 ( Pt 1):51-61. doi: 10.1348/000711299159817
Vahedi S. World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF): Analyses of Their Item Response Theory Properties Based on the Graded Responses Model. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010 Fall;5(4):140-53.
Weissman AN, Beck AT. Development and validation of the dysfunctional attitude scale: a preliminary investigation. (1978).
Ebrahimi A, Samouei R, Mousavii SG, Bornamanesh AR. Development and validation of 26‐item dysfunctional attitude scale. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;5(2):101-7. doi: 10.1111/appy.12020
Andrews, G., Singh, M., & Bond, M. The Defense Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1993;181(4): 246-56. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199304000-00006
Besharat MA, Irawani M, Sharifi M. An investigation of the relationship between attachment styles and defense mechanisms. Journal of Psychology. 2001; 5(3): 277-89.
Husky MM, Ferdous Farin F, Compagnone P, Fermanian C, Kovess-Masfety V. Chronic back pain and its association with quality of life in a large French population survey. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2018 Dec;16:1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12955-018-1018-4
Pericot-Mozo X, Suñer-Soler R, Reig-Garcia G, Patiño-Masó J, Sitjar-Suñer M, Masià-Plana A, Bertran-Noguer C. Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and Differences by Sex: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024 May 8;14(5):496. doi: 10.3390/jpm14050496
Xia W, Ou M, Chen Y, Chen F, Yan M, Xiao Z, Xu X. Experiences of patients with advanced cancer coping with chronic pain: a qualitative analysis. BMC Palliat Care. 2024 Apr 10;23(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s12904-024-01418-2. PMID: 38600476; PMCID: PMC11005139. doi: 10.1186/s12904-024-01418-2
Békés V, Starrs CJ, Perry JC, Prout TA, Conversano C, Di Giuseppe M. Defense mechanisms are associated with mental health symptoms across six countries. Res Psychother. 2023 Dec 31;26(3):729. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2023.729
Romeo A, Benfante A, Geminiani GC, Castelli L. Personality, Defense Mechanisms and Psychological Distress in Women with Fibromyalgia. Behav Sci (Basel). 2022 Jan 7;12(1):10. doi: 10.3390/bs12010010
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Copyright Form should be downloaded and signed by corresponding author in the fourth step "upload supplementary files" during submission process.
After acceptance, copyright form should be downloaded and signed by all authors one by one ( "summery --> supp. file" part and click on "add a supplementary file" link).
