The The Social Adjustment and Depression during Outbreak of COVID-19 among Iranian People
The Social Adjustment COVID-19 Pandemic among Iranian People
Authors
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Faezeh Zamanian 1*
1. Assistant Professor of Sport management, University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0433-9602
-
Elham Foroozandeh 2
2. Assistant Professor of Department of Psychology, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-4627
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22100/ijhs.v7i1.826Keywords:
COVID-19, Social adjustment, Physical activity, DepressionAbstract
Background: The sudden outbreak of Corona has created public depression and social changes, which affected countries and communities in terms of psychosocial issues. Social adjustment and physical activity play a very significant role to improve mental health. The purpose of this study was to compare social adjustment and depression during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Iranian employees regarding physical activity participation before the outbreak.
Methods: The research method was a causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the study included all men and women over the age of 25 workings in governmental agencies, among which 403 people participated in the online survey by random method. The data about age, occupational, family, and educational condition were collected by demographic questionnaire. Using the short-form depression questionnaire (BDI-13), the depression during an outbreak of COVID-19 was evaluated. A 25-item social adjustment questionnaire (self-made questionnaire) was used for collecting the data of social adjustment specific to new social norms caused by COVID-19.
Results: Data analysis using ANOVA showed that active individuals had higher social adjustment than inactive individuals (F = 10.398). Social adjustment was also statistically significant related to depression (r = -0.165).
Conclusions: Overall, applying physical activity with the observance of the guidelines approved by the Ministry of Health and other reference institutions will be a great help for the promotion of the social adjustments and mental health.
Keywords: COVID-19, Social adjustment, Physical activity, Depression
References
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20. Nasiri, Z. 2015. The effect of sports participation on the social adjustment of female students. Iran's first national conference on sports science and physical education. Tehran COI Cod: Sportconf01-028. [In Persian].
21. Parsa, M. Niknezhad, M. Rasoolinezhad, S. P. 2018. The Study of relationship between physical activity and social health of Talesh citizens. Quarterly Journal of Sports Management and Development. Vol 6, Iss 2, Serial No. 11, Pp: 175-189. [In Persian].
22. Govindappa K.SH. & Bujurke A.G. 2020.Occupational stress in relation to adjustment of sports and non-sports personnel. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2019; 4(1), Pp: 197-199.
23. Hassanzadeh, F. 2004. Investigating the relationship between exercise and social adjustment and the level of self-confidence of high school girls. Master Thesis. Faculty of Education and Psychology. [In Persian].
24. Kerketta I. & Gangey. 2016. Comparative study of social adjustment of male and female players.Indian Journal of Physical Education of Physical Education, Sport and Applied Sciences. Vol.6, N0.2; Pp: 26-29.
25. Aghayousefi. A. Zare, H. Pourbaferani. S. 2015. A Study of Relationship between Egocentrism and Social Adjustment. Social Cognition. (Special Edition), winter 2015, Pp: 141- 152 [In Persian].
26. Parsamehr, M. Heddat, E. 2016.The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Social Adjustment of Students. Quarterly Journal of Social Development (Previously Human Development). Vol. 11, No.2, PP: 94-65. 10.22055/QJSD.2017.12684. [In Persian].
27. Khodayarifard, M. Rahiminezhad, A. 2007. Investigating the factors affecting the social adjustment of Shahed and non-Shahed students. Research project of the Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences. [In Persian]
28. Sanaei, M. Zardoshtian, SH. Noruzi Seyed Hoseini, R. 2013. The effect of physical activities on quality of life and hop life in older adults of Mazandaran province. Sports Management Review. Vol. 10, Number 17, Pp: 137-157
29. Yen, I.H., Michael, Y.L., Perdue, L. 2009. Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37, Pp: 455-463
30. Muangpaisan, W. Assantachai, P. Intalapaporn, S.et al. 2010. Health expectancies in the older Thai population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. AGG-2277; P: 5.
31. Naghibzadeh SM, Malekshahi H2, Rshnavadi-Nejad, J. 2014. Relationship between Physical Fitness and General Health among Female Students of Ilam University. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 22(3), Pp: 59-66.
32. Choi, KW, Zheutlin, AB, Karlson, RA, et al. 2020. Physical activity offsets genetic risk for incident depression assessed via electronic health records in a biobank cohort study. Depression and anxiety. 37, Pp: 106– 114. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22967.
33. Craft, L. L., & Perna, F. M. 2004. The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry. 6(3), Pp: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v06n0301.
34. Khazaei, A; Eghbali, B; Dabir, A; B, & Mahmoudi, A. 2020. The Role of Psychosocial Factors in Predicting Physical Activity of Students. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(30); Pp: 189-204. [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22089/spsyj.2020.7653.1827.
2. Hua J. & Shaw R. 2020. Corona Virus (COVID-19) “Infodemic” and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. pp: 1-12. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072309
3. Lin Ch.Y. 2020. Social Reaction toward the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID‑19). Social Health and Behavior. 3 (1), Pp: 1-2.
4. Sadati A K, B Lankarani M H, Bagheri Lankarani K. 2020. Risk Society, Global Vulnerability and Fragile Resilience; Sociological View on the Coronavirus Outbreak, Shiraz E-Med J. Online ahead of Print ; 21(4):e102263. doi: 10.5812/semj.102263.
5. Zhang SX, Wang Y, Rauch A, Wei F. 2020. Unprecedented disruptions of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research; published online March 30. DOI:10.1101/2020.03.13.20034496.
6. Afshar Jahanshahi, A., Mokhtari Dinani, M., Nazarian Madavani, A., Li, J., Zhang, S.X. 2020. The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic – More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.081
7. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2020. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet 2020; 395, Pp: 37–8.
8. Seok, B. 2013. Embodied Moral and Psychology and Confucian Philosophy. Chapter 5: Character or Situation? Situated Confucian Virtue. eBook. Lexington Books. United Kingdom. P:150.
9. Ghanbarzadeh, N. Mehrani, Z. Sharifzadeh, Gh. 2019. Investigating the relationship between moral intelligence, social adjustment and postpartum depression in women referring to Birjand health centers. Ibn e Sina Scientific Research Quarterly / Nahaja Health, Relief and Treatment Department. Vol 21, No. 4. Series 69, Pp: 101-110. [In Persian].
10. Van Den Berg, A. E., Koole, S. L., Wulp, N. Y. 2003. Environmental Preference and Restoration: (How) Are They Related. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), Pp: 135-146.
11. Taghinezhad Z, Eghlima M, Arshi M, Pourhossein Hendabad P. 2017. Effectiveness of Social Skills Training on Socialadjustment of Elderly People (Persian). Archives of Rehabilitation. 2017; 18(3):230-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jrehab-1803230
12. Rezaei Kargar, F. Heydari, M. Ajilchi, b. Shomali Oskooi, A. 2014. The effect of exercise on social adjustment and self-esteem of high school female students. Second Iranian Congress of Social Psychology. Tehran. [In Persian].
13. Bartolomeo G. D. & Papa S. 2017. The Effects of Physical Activity on Social Interactions: The Case of Trust and Trustworthiness. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol: 20. Issue: 1. 50-71.
14. Rezvandoost, M.H. 2014. Investigating the Impact of Sports Activities on the Social Behavior of High School Students in Arak City in 2012. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Tehran. [In Persian].
15. Mounts, N. S., Valentiner, D. P., Anderson, K. L., & Boswell, M. K. 2006. Shyness, sociability, and parental support for the college transition: relation to adolescents' adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 71–80.
16. Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., Hasler, G. 2016. Social functioning in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 69 (2016) 313–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002
17. Pescatello, L. S., Arena, R., Riebe, D., Thompson, P. D. 2014. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Ninth edition
18. Xiang Y-T, Yang Y, Li W, et al. 2020. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7, Pp: 228–229.
19. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, et al. 2020. Mental Health Problems and Social Media Exposure during COVID-19 Outbreak. SSRN Electron J ournal; published online Feb 17. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3541120.
20. Nasiri, Z. 2015. The effect of sports participation on the social adjustment of female students. Iran's first national conference on sports science and physical education. Tehran COI Cod: Sportconf01-028. [In Persian].
21. Parsa, M. Niknezhad, M. Rasoolinezhad, S. P. 2018. The Study of relationship between physical activity and social health of Talesh citizens. Quarterly Journal of Sports Management and Development. Vol 6, Iss 2, Serial No. 11, Pp: 175-189. [In Persian].
22. Govindappa K.SH. & Bujurke A.G. 2020.Occupational stress in relation to adjustment of sports and non-sports personnel. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2019; 4(1), Pp: 197-199.
23. Hassanzadeh, F. 2004. Investigating the relationship between exercise and social adjustment and the level of self-confidence of high school girls. Master Thesis. Faculty of Education and Psychology. [In Persian].
24. Kerketta I. & Gangey. 2016. Comparative study of social adjustment of male and female players.Indian Journal of Physical Education of Physical Education, Sport and Applied Sciences. Vol.6, N0.2; Pp: 26-29.
25. Aghayousefi. A. Zare, H. Pourbaferani. S. 2015. A Study of Relationship between Egocentrism and Social Adjustment. Social Cognition. (Special Edition), winter 2015, Pp: 141- 152 [In Persian].
26. Parsamehr, M. Heddat, E. 2016.The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Social Adjustment of Students. Quarterly Journal of Social Development (Previously Human Development). Vol. 11, No.2, PP: 94-65. 10.22055/QJSD.2017.12684. [In Persian].
27. Khodayarifard, M. Rahiminezhad, A. 2007. Investigating the factors affecting the social adjustment of Shahed and non-Shahed students. Research project of the Institute of Psychology and Educational Sciences. [In Persian]
28. Sanaei, M. Zardoshtian, SH. Noruzi Seyed Hoseini, R. 2013. The effect of physical activities on quality of life and hop life in older adults of Mazandaran province. Sports Management Review. Vol. 10, Number 17, Pp: 137-157
29. Yen, I.H., Michael, Y.L., Perdue, L. 2009. Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37, Pp: 455-463
30. Muangpaisan, W. Assantachai, P. Intalapaporn, S.et al. 2010. Health expectancies in the older Thai population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. AGG-2277; P: 5.
31. Naghibzadeh SM, Malekshahi H2, Rshnavadi-Nejad, J. 2014. Relationship between Physical Fitness and General Health among Female Students of Ilam University. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 22(3), Pp: 59-66.
32. Choi, KW, Zheutlin, AB, Karlson, RA, et al. 2020. Physical activity offsets genetic risk for incident depression assessed via electronic health records in a biobank cohort study. Depression and anxiety. 37, Pp: 106– 114. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22967.
33. Craft, L. L., & Perna, F. M. 2004. The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry. 6(3), Pp: 104–111. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v06n0301.
34. Khazaei, A; Eghbali, B; Dabir, A; B, & Mahmoudi, A. 2020. The Role of Psychosocial Factors in Predicting Physical Activity of Students. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(30); Pp: 189-204. [In Persian]. DOI: 10.22089/spsyj.2020.7653.1827.
Published
2021-01-23
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How to Cite
The The Social Adjustment and Depression during Outbreak of COVID-19 among Iranian People: The Social Adjustment COVID-19 Pandemic among Iranian People. (2021). International Journal of Health Studies (Undergoing Change to Shahroud Journal of Medical Sciences), 7(1), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.22100/ijhs.v7i1.826
