The The Role of Mindfulness and its Dimensions in Predicting of Students’ Psychological Well-being
Authors
-
Masoud Asadi 1*
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-7673
-
Maryam Amini 2
2. Department of Counseling, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-9221
-
Fahimeh Zarean 3
3. Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8863-8700
-
Ayoub Ataei 4
4. B.S in Counseling, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-6337
-
Mohammad Niroumand Sarvandani 5
5. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9790-3908
-
Maryam Soleimani 6
6. Department of Psychology and counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-4112
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22100/ijhs.v7i2.850Keywords:
Mindfulness, Psychological well-beingAbstract
Background: Well-being is the biggest and most important goal of human being life that affects a person's health more than anything else does. This study aimed to investigate the role of mindfulness and its dimensions in students' psychological well-being.
Methods: The research method was correlation and the statistical population included all students of Kharazmi University. The sample consisted of 240 students (126 females and 114 males) who were selected by the convenience sampling method. The research instruments were the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) (Bauer et al. 2006) and Ryff's scale of the Psychological Well-Being (Ryff, 1980). Data analysis was performed using independent groups of t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression.
Results: The obtained results showed that there is no significant difference between male and female students in the variables of mindfulness and psychological well-being. There is a positive and significant correlation between psychological well-being and the overall score of mindfulness as well as the dimensions of observing, describing, acting with awareness, and non-reactive.
Conclusions: The variables of acting with awareness and describing mindfulness dimensions were able to explain about 24% of the variance of psychological well-being in two steps.
Keywords: Mindfulness, Psychological well-being, Students
References
1. Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. Positive health: connecting well–being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of theRoyal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,2004; 359(1449), 1383-1394.
2. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. The contours of positive human health. Psychological inquiry,1998; 9(1), 1-28.
3. Springer, K. W., & Hauser, R. M. An assessment of the construct validity of Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being: Method, mode, and measurement effects. Social science research,2006; 35(4), 1080-1102.
4. Karademas,E.C. Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences,2015;43(2), 277-287.
5. Guérin, E. Disentangling vitality, well-being, and quality of life: aconceptual examination emphasizing their similarities and differenceswith special application in the physical activity domain. Journal ofPhysical Activity and Health,2012; 9(6), 896-908
6. Diener, E. D., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. Subjective well-being. Three decadesdissertation,Wayne State University. Psychological Well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2003; 57, 1069-1081
7 .Myers,D.G. & Diener,E. Who is happy?"; psychological science.1995; 6. 10-19.
8. Seligman, M. E,Steen,T, Park, N. & Peterson, C. Positive psychology: An introduction.American Psychologist, 2005; 55, 5-14
9. Hejazi, Goddess; Sadeghi, Nahid and Shirzadifard, Meysam. The relationship between basic beliefs and perceptions of parental relationships with students' mental well-being. 2013; Journal of School Psychology, 2 (4), 43-61.
10. Ryff, C. D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on themeaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and socialpsychology, 1989; 57(6), 1069
11. Turkey, T., Çağlayan Tunç, A. (2020). Anxiety and Psychological Well-Being Levels of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students. International Education Studies, 2020;13 (5)1913-9039
12. Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. Optimizing well-being: theempirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and socialpsychology,2002; 82(6), 10-17.
13. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. The structure of psychological wellbeing revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology,1995; 69(4), 7-19
14. Vázquez, C., Hervás, G., Rahona, J. J., & Gómez, D. Psychologicalwell-being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary ofClinical and Health Psychology,2009; 5, 15-27.
15. .Homan, K. J. Self-compassion and psychological well-being in olderadults. Journal of Adult Development,2016; 23(2), 111-119.
16. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. The benefits of being present:mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal ofpersonality and social psychology,2003; 84(4), 822.
17. Kabat-Zinn, J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine forchronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation:Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospitalpsychiatry,1982; 4(1), 33-47
18. Germer, C., Siegel, R. D., & Fulton, P. R. (Eds. Mindfulness andpsychotherapy. Guilford Publications. 2016.
19. Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., & Swift, J. K. Mindfulness as atranstheoretical clinical process. Psychotherapy,2013; 50(3), 312.
20. Rosenstreich, E., & Ruderman, L. A dual-process perspective onmindfulness, memory, and consciousness. Mindfulness,2017; 8(2), 505-516.
21. Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. A preliminary investigation of theprocess of mindfulness. Mindfulness,2012; 3(1), 30-43.
22. Donald, J.N.; Sahdra, B.K.; Van Zanden, B.; Duineveld, J.J.; Atkins, P.W.B.; Marshall, S.L.; . Ciarrochi, J. Does Your Mindfulness Benefit Others? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Link between Mindfulness and Prosocial Behavior.2019; Br. J. Psychol, 110–125.
23. Blanke, E.S.; Schmidt, M.J.; Riediger, M.; Brose, A. Thinking Mindfully: How Mindfulness Relates to Rumination and Reflection in Daily Life. Emotion. advance online publication. 2019.
24. Hafenbrack, A.C.; Cameron, L.D.; Spreitzer, G.M.; Zhang, C.; Noval, L.J.; Sha_akat, S. Helping People by Being in the Present: Mindfulness Increases Prosocial Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.2020; 159, 21–38.
25. Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Cafaro, V., & Didonna, F. Dimensions of mindfulnessand their relations with. psychological well-being and neuroticism. Mindfulness,2017; 8(3):664-676.
26. Leeuwerik, T., Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C. The Association of Trait Mindfulness and Self‑compassionwith Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms: Results from a Large Survey with Treatment Seeking Adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research.2020; 44:120–135.
27. Senker, K., Fries, S., Grund, A. Mindfulness in everyday life: between- and within-person relationships to motivational conflicts, Curr Psycholy; 2020; 1-16.
28. Quickert, R., MacDonald, T. Being in the Moment So You Can Keep Moving Forward: Mindfulness and Rumination Mediate the Relationship between Attachment Orientations and Negative Conflict Styles, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2020; 17, 6472.
29. McLaughlin, L.E.; Luberto, C.M.; O’Bryan, E.M.; Kraemer, K.M.; McLeish, A.C. The Indirect E_ect of PositiveA_ect in the Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Emotion Dysregulation. Personal.Individ. Di_er.2019, 145, 70–74.
30. Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. The role of mindfulness andpsychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal ofoccupational health psychology,2015; 19(4), 476.
31. Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. The associationbetween dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, andperceived health in a Swedish population‐based sample. British journalof health psychology,2011; 16(2), 300-316.
32. Spadaro, K. C., & Hunker, D. F. Exploring The effects of an onlineasynchronous mindfulness meditation intervention with nursing studentson stress, mood, and cognition: a descriptive study. Nurse educationtoday,2016; 39, 163-169.
33. Baer, R. A.; Smith, G. T.; Hopkins, J.; Krietemeyer, J. & Toney, L. Using self-report Assessment methods to Explore Facets of mindfulness, Assessment.2006; 13(1),27-45.
34. Wallach, H., Buchheld, N., Butter Muller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. Measuring mindfulness - The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences,2006; 40, 1543-1555.
35. Baer, R. A.; Smith, G. T. & Allen, K. B.Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Assessment,2004; 11, 191-206.
36. Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S. et al. Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: The Development and Initial Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 2007; 29, 177.
37. Chadwick, P.; Hember, M.; Mead, S.; Lilley, B. & Dagnan, D. Responding mindfull to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ), Unpublished manuscript, University of Southampton Royal South Hants Hospital, U.K, 2007.
38. Neuser, N J. Examining the Factors of Mindfulness: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Doctoral dissertation, Pacific University), 2010.
39. Ahmad Vand, Z. Validity and reliability of the Five-Sided Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in Iranian non-clinical samples. Master Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Shahed University.2011.
40. Bayani A A, Mohammad Koochekya A, Bayani A. Reliability and Validity of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales . IJPCP. 2008; 14 (2) :146-151
41. khajeh, N., Bahrami, F., Fatehizadeh, M., Abedi, M. Predicting psychological well-being through the quality of marital relationship, empathy, and systematization. Journal of Psychological Studies, 2012; 8(2): 73-96.
42. Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J.Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical psychologyreview,2011; 31(6), 1041-1056.
43. Kong, F., Wang, X., & Zhao, J. Dispositional mindfulness and life satisfaction: The role of core self-evaluations. Personality and IndividualDifferences,2014; 56, 165-169.
44. Myers, R. E. Cultivating Mindfulness to Promote Self Care and Well- Being in Perioperative Nurses. AORN journal,2017; 105(3), 259-266.
45. Hanley, A., Warner, A., & Garland, E. L. Associations between mindfulness, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being withrespect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies,2015; 16(6),1423-1436.
46. Soysa, C. K., & Wilcomb, C. J. Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and wellbeing. Mindfulness,2015; 6(2), 217-226.
47. Lucy Finkelstein-Fox, Crystal L. Park & Kristen E. Riley. Mindfulness andemotion regulation: promoting well-being during the transition to college, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping,2018; 31:6, 639-653.
48. Kabat-Zinn, J. Full catastrophe Living: Using the wisdom of your mind and body to face stress,pain, and illness, NewYork: Delacorte.1990.
49. Arch, J. J.; Craske, M. GMechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction", Behaviour ResearchTherapy,2010; 44, 1849-1858.
50. Siegel, R. D. The mindfulness Solution(every day practices for every day problems, New York:Guilford.2010.
51. MacDonald, H. Z., & Baxter, E. E. Mediators of the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being in female college students. Mindfulness,2017; 8(2), 398-407.
52.Carmody, J.; Bear, R. A. Relationship between mindfulness practice and level of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness stress reduction program", Behav Med,2007; 31, 23-33.
53. Shapiro, S. L.; Carlson, L. E.; Astin, J. A.; & Freedman, B. Mechanism of mindfulness", Journal of Clinical psychology,2006; 62, 373-386.52.
2. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. The contours of positive human health. Psychological inquiry,1998; 9(1), 1-28.
3. Springer, K. W., & Hauser, R. M. An assessment of the construct validity of Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being: Method, mode, and measurement effects. Social science research,2006; 35(4), 1080-1102.
4. Karademas,E.C. Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences,2015;43(2), 277-287.
5. Guérin, E. Disentangling vitality, well-being, and quality of life: aconceptual examination emphasizing their similarities and differenceswith special application in the physical activity domain. Journal ofPhysical Activity and Health,2012; 9(6), 896-908
6. Diener, E. D., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. Subjective well-being. Three decadesdissertation,Wayne State University. Psychological Well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2003; 57, 1069-1081
7 .Myers,D.G. & Diener,E. Who is happy?"; psychological science.1995; 6. 10-19.
8. Seligman, M. E,Steen,T, Park, N. & Peterson, C. Positive psychology: An introduction.American Psychologist, 2005; 55, 5-14
9. Hejazi, Goddess; Sadeghi, Nahid and Shirzadifard, Meysam. The relationship between basic beliefs and perceptions of parental relationships with students' mental well-being. 2013; Journal of School Psychology, 2 (4), 43-61.
10. Ryff, C. D. Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on themeaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and socialpsychology, 1989; 57(6), 1069
11. Turkey, T., Çağlayan Tunç, A. (2020). Anxiety and Psychological Well-Being Levels of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students. International Education Studies, 2020;13 (5)1913-9039
12. Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. Optimizing well-being: theempirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and socialpsychology,2002; 82(6), 10-17.
13. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. The structure of psychological wellbeing revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology,1995; 69(4), 7-19
14. Vázquez, C., Hervás, G., Rahona, J. J., & Gómez, D. Psychologicalwell-being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary ofClinical and Health Psychology,2009; 5, 15-27.
15. .Homan, K. J. Self-compassion and psychological well-being in olderadults. Journal of Adult Development,2016; 23(2), 111-119.
16. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. The benefits of being present:mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal ofpersonality and social psychology,2003; 84(4), 822.
17. Kabat-Zinn, J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine forchronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation:Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospitalpsychiatry,1982; 4(1), 33-47
18. Germer, C., Siegel, R. D., & Fulton, P. R. (Eds. Mindfulness andpsychotherapy. Guilford Publications. 2016.
19. Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., & Swift, J. K. Mindfulness as atranstheoretical clinical process. Psychotherapy,2013; 50(3), 312.
20. Rosenstreich, E., & Ruderman, L. A dual-process perspective onmindfulness, memory, and consciousness. Mindfulness,2017; 8(2), 505-516.
21. Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. A preliminary investigation of theprocess of mindfulness. Mindfulness,2012; 3(1), 30-43.
22. Donald, J.N.; Sahdra, B.K.; Van Zanden, B.; Duineveld, J.J.; Atkins, P.W.B.; Marshall, S.L.; . Ciarrochi, J. Does Your Mindfulness Benefit Others? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Link between Mindfulness and Prosocial Behavior.2019; Br. J. Psychol, 110–125.
23. Blanke, E.S.; Schmidt, M.J.; Riediger, M.; Brose, A. Thinking Mindfully: How Mindfulness Relates to Rumination and Reflection in Daily Life. Emotion. advance online publication. 2019.
24. Hafenbrack, A.C.; Cameron, L.D.; Spreitzer, G.M.; Zhang, C.; Noval, L.J.; Sha_akat, S. Helping People by Being in the Present: Mindfulness Increases Prosocial Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.2020; 159, 21–38.
25. Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Cafaro, V., & Didonna, F. Dimensions of mindfulnessand their relations with. psychological well-being and neuroticism. Mindfulness,2017; 8(3):664-676.
26. Leeuwerik, T., Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C. The Association of Trait Mindfulness and Self‑compassionwith Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms: Results from a Large Survey with Treatment Seeking Adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research.2020; 44:120–135.
27. Senker, K., Fries, S., Grund, A. Mindfulness in everyday life: between- and within-person relationships to motivational conflicts, Curr Psycholy; 2020; 1-16.
28. Quickert, R., MacDonald, T. Being in the Moment So You Can Keep Moving Forward: Mindfulness and Rumination Mediate the Relationship between Attachment Orientations and Negative Conflict Styles, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2020; 17, 6472.
29. McLaughlin, L.E.; Luberto, C.M.; O’Bryan, E.M.; Kraemer, K.M.; McLeish, A.C. The Indirect E_ect of PositiveA_ect in the Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Emotion Dysregulation. Personal.Individ. Di_er.2019, 145, 70–74.
30. Roche, M., Haar, J. M., & Luthans, F. The role of mindfulness andpsychological capital on the well-being of leaders. Journal ofoccupational health psychology,2015; 19(4), 476.
31. Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. The associationbetween dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, andperceived health in a Swedish population‐based sample. British journalof health psychology,2011; 16(2), 300-316.
32. Spadaro, K. C., & Hunker, D. F. Exploring The effects of an onlineasynchronous mindfulness meditation intervention with nursing studentson stress, mood, and cognition: a descriptive study. Nurse educationtoday,2016; 39, 163-169.
33. Baer, R. A.; Smith, G. T.; Hopkins, J.; Krietemeyer, J. & Toney, L. Using self-report Assessment methods to Explore Facets of mindfulness, Assessment.2006; 13(1),27-45.
34. Wallach, H., Buchheld, N., Butter Muller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. Measuring mindfulness - The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences,2006; 40, 1543-1555.
35. Baer, R. A.; Smith, G. T. & Allen, K. B.Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Assessment,2004; 11, 191-206.
36. Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S. et al. Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: The Development and Initial Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 2007; 29, 177.
37. Chadwick, P.; Hember, M.; Mead, S.; Lilley, B. & Dagnan, D. Responding mindfull to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ), Unpublished manuscript, University of Southampton Royal South Hants Hospital, U.K, 2007.
38. Neuser, N J. Examining the Factors of Mindfulness: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Doctoral dissertation, Pacific University), 2010.
39. Ahmad Vand, Z. Validity and reliability of the Five-Sided Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in Iranian non-clinical samples. Master Thesis in Clinical Psychology, Shahed University.2011.
40. Bayani A A, Mohammad Koochekya A, Bayani A. Reliability and Validity of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales . IJPCP. 2008; 14 (2) :146-151
41. khajeh, N., Bahrami, F., Fatehizadeh, M., Abedi, M. Predicting psychological well-being through the quality of marital relationship, empathy, and systematization. Journal of Psychological Studies, 2012; 8(2): 73-96.
42. Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J.Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical psychologyreview,2011; 31(6), 1041-1056.
43. Kong, F., Wang, X., & Zhao, J. Dispositional mindfulness and life satisfaction: The role of core self-evaluations. Personality and IndividualDifferences,2014; 56, 165-169.
44. Myers, R. E. Cultivating Mindfulness to Promote Self Care and Well- Being in Perioperative Nurses. AORN journal,2017; 105(3), 259-266.
45. Hanley, A., Warner, A., & Garland, E. L. Associations between mindfulness, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being withrespect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies,2015; 16(6),1423-1436.
46. Soysa, C. K., & Wilcomb, C. J. Mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and wellbeing. Mindfulness,2015; 6(2), 217-226.
47. Lucy Finkelstein-Fox, Crystal L. Park & Kristen E. Riley. Mindfulness andemotion regulation: promoting well-being during the transition to college, Anxiety, Stress, & Coping,2018; 31:6, 639-653.
48. Kabat-Zinn, J. Full catastrophe Living: Using the wisdom of your mind and body to face stress,pain, and illness, NewYork: Delacorte.1990.
49. Arch, J. J.; Craske, M. GMechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction", Behaviour ResearchTherapy,2010; 44, 1849-1858.
50. Siegel, R. D. The mindfulness Solution(every day practices for every day problems, New York:Guilford.2010.
51. MacDonald, H. Z., & Baxter, E. E. Mediators of the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being in female college students. Mindfulness,2017; 8(2), 398-407.
52.Carmody, J.; Bear, R. A. Relationship between mindfulness practice and level of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness stress reduction program", Behav Med,2007; 31, 23-33.
53. Shapiro, S. L.; Carlson, L. E.; Astin, J. A.; & Freedman, B. Mechanism of mindfulness", Journal of Clinical psychology,2006; 62, 373-386.52.
Published
2021-04-25
Issue
Section
Articles
License
The Copyright Form should be downloaded and signed by corresponding author in the fourth step "upload supplementary files" during submission process.
After acceptance, copyright form should be downloaded and signed by all authors one by one ( "summery --> supp. file" part and click on "add a supplementary file" link).
How to Cite
The The Role of Mindfulness and its Dimensions in Predicting of Students’ Psychological Well-being. (2021). International Journal of Health Studies, 7(2), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.22100/ijhs.v7i2.850
